IDEO, founded in 1991, has become one of the world's most influential design and innovation consulting firms. Its journey is marked by the introduction and popularization of design thinking, a human-centered approach to problem-solving, which has impacted industries fact

IDEO is a pioneer in implementing the Design Thinking innovation method.

 

source:https://www.janushenderson.com/

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become one of the most transformative technologies in the 21st century, influencing sectors ranging from healthcare and education to transportation and finance. However, the roots of AI stretch back far beyond the current digital age. The journey of AI is filled with significant milestones, starting from philosophical ideas about human cognition, evolving through mechanical innovations and theoretical developments, and leading to today's powerful machine learning systems. This article will explore the history and development of AI, its philosophical and technological origins, and its current state and future potential.

 

Emil Adolf von Behring,was a German physiologist who received the 1901 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, the first one awarded in that field, for his discovery of a diphtheria antitoxin. He was widely known as a "saviour of children", as diphtheria used to be a major cause of child death.His work with the disease, as well as tetanus, has come to bring him most of his fame and acknowledgment.He was honoured with Prussian nobility in 1901, henceforth being known by the surname "von Behring".

 

 

Paul Berg is an American biochemist and molecular biologist whose groundbreaking research in recombinant DNA technology fundamentally changed the field of genetics. His work not only opened new avenues in understanding the genetic code and gene expression but also paved the way for modern biotechnology. Berg was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1980, which he shared with Walter Gilbert and Frederick Sanger, for his contributions to the field of molecular biology, particularly for developing methods that allowed scientists to splice DNA from different organisms.

 

Source:iBiology Science Stories

Walter Gilbert is a prominent figure in the history of molecular biology, best known for his pioneering work in DNA sequencing and the development of key techniques that revolutionized genetics. His contributions have had an enduring impact on the fields of molecular biology, biotechnology, and medicine, earning him the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1980, which he shared with Frederick Sanger and Paul Berg. Gilbert’s work at Harvard University, where he held various prestigious positions throughout his career, helped lay the groundwork for modern genomics and the understanding of gene expression.

In this article, we explore Walter Gilbert’s scientific journey, his groundbreaking contributions to the field of molecular biology, and his enduring legacy in the scientific community.

 

https://biology.mit.edu/profile/h-robert-horvitz/

H. Robert Horvitz, an esteemed American biologist, has made groundbreaking contributions to our understanding of genetics and cellular processes, particularly in the area of apoptosis, or programmed cell death. His pioneering work on the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) provided a crucial foundation for understanding how cells live and die, how this impacts the development of organisms, and how failures in these processes can lead to diseases like cancer.

For his extraordinary contributions, Horvitz was awarded the NNobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2002, alongside Sydney Brenner and John Sulston. Their collective work fundamentally altered our understanding of cell biology and its implications for human health.

This article will explore the life and career of H. Robert Horvitz, his landmark research, and the impact of his discoveries on science and medicine.

Victor Ambros, an influential scientist in the field of molecular biology, particularly known for his pioneering work in the discovery of microRNAs (miRNAs). While he has not won a Nobel Prize, his work is widely recognized as groundbreaking in molecular biology and genetics, significantly contributing to our understanding of gene regulation.

 

Source:nobelprize.org

Together with Victor Ambros, Gary Ruvkin this year received the biggest award in the field of Nobel physiology.

The scientist born in Berkeley, March 26, 1952 is an American molecular biologist, researcher at Massachusetts General Hospital and professor of genetics at Harvard Medical School in Boston.

Ruvkun discovered the mechanism by which lin-4, the first microRNA (miRNA) discovered by Victor Ambros, regulates the translation of its messenger RNA target through imperfect base pairing at the target, and discovered a second miRNA, let-7, and that these miRNAs are conserved throughout animal phylogeny, including in humans. The discovery of these miRNAs revealed a new world of RNA regulation at an unprecedentedly small size scale, and the mechanisms of such regulation. Ruvkun also discovered many features of insulin-like signaling in the regulation of aging and metabolism.

We will explain Ruvkun's contribution to winning the Nobel Prize, as we took references from the nobel.org website.

 

Research on a small worm leads to a big breakthrough

In the late 1980s, Victor Ambros and Gary Ruvkun were postdoctoral fellows in the laboratory of Robert Horvitz who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2002, alongside Sydney Brenner and John Sulston . In Horvitz’s laboratory, they studied a relatively unassuming 1 mm long roundworm, C. elegans. Despite its small size, C. elegans possesses many specialized cell types such as nerve and muscle cells also found in larger, more complex animals, making it a useful model for investigating how tissues develop and mature in multicellular organisms. Ambros and Ruvkun were interested in genes that control the timing of activation of different genetic programs, ensuring that various cell types develop at the right time.

 

Ruvkun cloned let-7, a second gene encoding a microRNA. The gene is conserved in evolution, and it is now known that microRNA regulation is universal among multicellular organisms. © The Nobel Committee for Physiology or Medicine. Ill. Mattias Karlén

They studied two mutant strains of worms, lin-4 and lin-14, that displayed defects in the timing of activation of genetic programs during development. The laureates wanted to identify the mutated genes and understand their function. Ambros had previously shown that the lin-4 gene appeared to be a negative regulator of the lin-14 gene. However, how the lin-14 activity was blocked was unknown. Ambros and Ruvkun were intrigued by these mutants and their potential relationship and set out to resolve these mysteries.

Gene regulation by microRNA, first revealed by Ambros and Ruvkun, has been at work for hundreds of millions of years. This mechanism has enabled the evolution of increasingly complex organisms. We know from genetic research that cells and tissues do not develop normally without microRNAs. Abnormal regulation by microRNA can contribute to cancer, and mutations in genes coding for microRNAs have been found in humans, causing conditions such as congenital hearing loss, eye and skeletal disorders. Mutations in one of the proteins required for microRNA production result in the DICER1 syndrome, a rare but severe syndrome linked to cancer in various organs and tissues.

The seminal discovery of microRNAs was unexpected and revealed a new dimension of gene regulation. © The Nobel Committee for Physiology or Medicine. Ill. Mattias Karlén

Ambros and Ruvkun’s seminal discovery in the small worm C. elegans was unexpected, and revealed a new dimension to gene regulation, essential for all complex life forms.

Ruvkun received a Bachelor of Arts with a major in biophysics from the University of California, Berkeley in 1973. He received a Doctor of Philosophy in biophysics from Harvard University in 1982.He conducted his doctoral studies in the laboratory of Frederick M. Ausubel, where he investigated bacterial nitrogen fixation genes. Ruvkun completed postdoctoral research with Robert Horvitz at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Walter Gilbert of Harvard

 

 

Alfred Nobel’s journey is a story of remarkable contradictions. Born into a family of inventors and engineers, Nobel became one of the most influential industrialists of his time, holding over 350 patents, including the invention of dynamite. Despite his successes, Nobel’s later years were filled with concern over the destructive potential of his innovations. It was this inner conflict that led him to redefine his legacy by establishing the Nobel Prizes. Here, we explore Alfred Nobel’s fascinating journey from his early life to his enduring legacy as a benefactor of humanity.

The Nobel Prize is one of the most prestigious and globally recognized awards, presented annually in several categories such as Peace, Literature, Physics, Chemistry, Medicine, and Economic Sciences. It was established through the will of Alfred Nobel, a Swedish industrialist, inventor, scientist, and philanthropist. Nobel was the inventor of dynamite and a successful entrepreneur, but in his later years, he became concerned about the potential harm caused by his inventions. He wished to leave a legacy that would benefit humanity, and his vision culminated in the creation of the Nobel Prize.

 

Sumber:toptal

Berita dari edtech tanah air. Startup Edtech Pintar Kantongi Pendanaan Pra-Seri A $3 juta (Rp47 Miliar). Pendanaan tersebut ini dipimpin Havez Capital dengan partisipasi dari SIG Venture Capital.